Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

carry forward the advance

  • 1 carry forward the advance

    1) Военный термин: развить наступление

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > carry forward the advance

  • 2 carry forward the advance

    English-Russian military dictionary > carry forward the advance

  • 3 carry forward the advance

    English-Russian dictionary of terms that are used in computer games > carry forward the advance

  • 4 carry forward

    1. phr v продвигать

    go forward — идти вперёд, продвигаться

    push forward — спешить; продвигаться, стремиться вперёд

    help forward — способствовать, содействовать; продвигать

    2. phr v делать успехи
    3. phr v бухг. переносить в другую графу, бухгалтерскую книгу, на другой счёт

    counting forward — прямой счёт, счёт в прямом направлении

    English-Russian base dictionary > carry forward

  • 5 carry\ forward

    carry forward smth. /smth. forward/1)
    carry the figures forward переносить цифры на следующую страницу или в следующий столбец; they will carry the money forward они перенесут деньги на новый счет; it's no use carrying this debt forward нет смысла переносить этот долг на новый счет
    2)
    carry forward the advance развивать наступление

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > carry\ forward

  • 6 carry forward

    [ʹkærıʹfɔ:wəd] phr v
    1. 1) продвигать ( дело)
    2) делать успехи

    to carry forward the advance - воен. развивать наступление

    2. бухг. переносить в другую графу, бухгалтерскую книгу, на другой счёт

    НБАРС > carry forward

  • 7 carry forward


    1) продвигать (дело) This debt has been carried forward from year to year;
    when will it he paid? ≈ Этот долг год за годом переносится из отчетности в отчетность;
    когда же по нему будет заплачено?
    2) приносить успех The politician's successful speech carried him forward. ≈ Пламенная речь принесла ему успех.
    3) переносить в другую графу, бухгалтерскую книгу, на другой счет Syn: bring forward
    2), carry over
    2) продвигать (дело) ;
    делать успехи;
    - to * the advance( военное) развивать наступление( бухгалтерское) переносить в другую графу, бухгалтерскую книгу, на другой счет

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > carry forward

  • 8 advance

    1. n продвижение, движение вперёд
    2. n воен. наступление
    3. n воен. продвижение от рубежа к рубежу
    4. n тех. опережение; упреждение, предварение
    5. n прогресс; успех; улучшение

    industrial advance — индустриальный прогресс, успехи промышленности

    6. n повышение, рост
    7. n аванс; ссуда

    to pay in advance — платить заранее, выдавать аванс

    8. n амер. предварительная подготовка, подготовительные мероприятия
    9. n заранее подготовленный репортаж
    10. n предварительно разосланный или розданный текст
    11. n воен. передовые силы

    to be in advance — идти вперёд, спешить

    12. a передний, передовой, головной
    13. a предварительный, опережающий; забегающий вперёд

    advance booking — резервирование ; предварительный заказ

    14. v продвигаться, идти вперёд, наступать
    15. v воен. наступать

    to advance at the double — продвигаться ускоренным шагом; наступать бегом

    16. v двигать вперёд, продвигать
    17. v передвигать стрелки часов вперёд
    18. v способствовать; приближать, ускорять
    19. v делать успехи; продвигаться; развиваться

    make advance — вносить аванс; делать предложение

    20. v продвигать
    21. v повышать

    the bank has advanced the rate of discount to 15% — банк повысил процент учёта до 15%

    22. v повышаться, возрастать
    23. v ссужать деньги
    24. v платить авансом

    domestic cash advance — внутренний "наличный аванс "

    25. v выдвигать
    26. v тех. наращивать
    27. v физ. опережать
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. prior (adj.) antecedent; anterior; precedent; preceding; prior
    2. loan (noun) allowance; credit; loan
    3. progress (noun) advancement; anabasis; furtherance; headway; march; ongoing; proficiency; progress; stride
    4. progression (noun) approach; course; impetus; lead; moving forward; procedure; procession; progression; way
    5. promotion (noun) betterment; boost; enlargement; enrichment; gain; hike; improvement; increase; increment; jump; price rise; promotion; raise; rise
    6. proposal (noun) offer; offering; overture; proposal; proposition; suggestion; tender
    7. accelerate (verb) accelerate; bring forward; hasten; precipitate; quicken; speed up; update
    8. adduce (verb) adduce; allege; cite; lay; present
    9. come (verb) come; come along; get along; get on; march; move; proceed; progress
    10. improve (verb) flourish; grow; improve; increase; make progress; thrive
    11. loan (verb) lend; loan; offer
    12. move forward (verb) go forward; move forward; move on; push forward; set forward
    13. promote (verb) dignify; elevate; exalt; jump; prefer; profit; promote; raise; upgrade
    14. propose (verb) bring to view; broach; deliver; introduce; propose; propound; submit; suggest
    15. rise (verb) ascend; climb; mount; rise
    16. urge (verb) better; encourage; forward; foster; further; serve; urge
    17. before (other) ahead; before; beyond; going before; precedent; preceding; prepublication
    Антонимический ряд:
    degrade; demote; depress; halt; hesitate; hinder; oppose; recall; recede; retard; retreat; retrogress; return; stand; stop; withhold

    English-Russian base dictionary > advance

  • 9 advance

    продвигать имя прилагательное: имя существительное:
    прогресс (progress, progression, advancement, advance, headway, go-ahead)
    глагол:
    продвигаться (advance, push, carry forward, get ahead, rise, get along)

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > advance

  • 10 forward

    'fo:wəd
    1. adjective
    1) (moving on; advancing: a forward movement.) hacia delante
    2) (at or near the front: The forward part of a ship is called the `bows'.) delantero

    2. adverb
    1) ((also forwards) moving towards the front: A pendulum swings backward(s) and forward(s).) adelante, hacia adelante
    2) (to a later time: from this time forward.) en adelante

    3. noun
    ((in certain team games, eg football, hockey) a player in a forward position.) delantero

    4. verb
    (to send (letters etc) on to another address: I have asked the post office to forward my mail.) remitir
    forward adj hacia adelante
    tr['fɔːwəd]
    1 (gen) hacia adelante
    2 (time) en adelante
    1 (position) delantero,-a, frontal; (movement) hacia delante
    2 (future) a largo plazo
    3 (advanced) adelantado,-a, precoz
    4 (too bold, too eager) atrevido,-a, descarado,-a, fresco,-a
    1 SMALLSPORT/SMALL delantero,-a
    1 (send on to new address) remitir; (send goods) enviar, expedir
    2 formal use (further, advance) adelantar, fomentar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to put the clock forward adelantar el reloj
    forward roll SMALLSPORT/SMALL voltereta (hacia delante)
    forward ['fɔrwərd] vt
    1) promote: promover, adelantar, fomentar
    2) send: remitir, enviar
    forward adv
    1) : adelante, hacia adelante
    to go forward: irse adelante
    2)
    from this day forward : de aquí en adelante
    forward adj
    1) : hacia adelante, delantero
    2) brash: atrevido, descarado
    : delantero m, -ra f (en deportes)
    adj.
    adelantado, -a adj.
    arriscado, -a adj.
    atrevido, -a adj.
    avanzado, -a adj.
    delante adj.
    delantero, -a adj.
    descocado, -a adj.
    desenvuelto, -a adj.
    desollado, -a adj.
    precoz adj.
    adv.
    adelante adv.
    hacia adelante adv.
    n.
    delantero s.m. (Mail)
    v.
    retransmitir (Correo) v.
    v.
    enviar v.
    expedir v.
    fomentar v.
    reenviar v.
    reexpedir v.

    I 'fɔːrwərd, 'fɔːwəd
    esp BrE forwards -z adverb
    a) ( toward the front) <bend/slope/lean> hacia adelante

    let's sit further forward — sentémonos más adelante; see also come forward, step forward

    b) ( in time) (frml) en adelante

    from this day forward — desde hoy en adelante; see also bring, carry forward


    II
    1) (before n) ( in direction) <movement/motion> hacia adelante

    forward pass — ( Sport) pase m adelantado

    forward slashnoun barra f (oblicua)

    2) ( advance)
    3) (assertive, pushy) atrevido, descarado

    III
    transitive verb ( send) ( Busn) enviar, remitir; ( to a different address) enviar*, mandar

    please forward — hacer* seguir


    IV
    noun ( Sport) delantero mf
    ['fɔːwǝd] When forward is an element in a phrasal verb, eg bring forward, come forward, step forward, look up the verb.
    1. ADJ
    1) (in position) delantero; (in movement) hacia adelante; (in time) adelantado, avanzado; [position] (Mil etc) avanzado; (Naut) de proa
    2) (=advanced) [child] precoz; [season, crop] adelantado
    3) (=presumptuous) [person, remark] atrevido
    2.
    ADV (gen) adelante, hacia adelante; (Naut) hacia la proa

    forward! — ¡adelante!

    forward march! — (Mil) de frente ¡mar!

    from that day forward — desde ese día en adelante, a partir de entonces

    to go forward — ir hacia adelante, avanzar; (fig) progresar, hacer progresos

    look forward
    3.
    N (Sport) delantero(-a) m / f
    4. VT
    1) (=dispatch) [+ goods] expedir, enviar; (=send on) [+ letter] remitir

    "please forward" — "remítase al destinatario"

    2) (=advance) [+ career, cause, interests] promover
    5.
    CPD

    forward buying N — (Comm) compra f a término

    forward contract N — (Comm) contrato m a término

    forward delivery N — (Comm) entrega f en fecha futura

    forward exchange N — (Comm) cambio m a término

    forward gear N — (Aut) marcha f de avance

    forward line N — (Sport) delantera f ; (Mil) primera línea f de fuego

    forward market N — (Comm) mercado m de futuros

    forward pass N — (Rugby) pase m adelantado

    forward planning Nplanificación f por anticipado

    forward rate N — (Comm) tipo m a término

    forward sales NPL — (Comm) ventas fpl a término

    forward slash Nbarra f oblicua

    * * *

    I ['fɔːrwərd, 'fɔːwəd]
    esp BrE forwards [-z] adverb
    a) ( toward the front) <bend/slope/lean> hacia adelante

    let's sit further forward — sentémonos más adelante; see also come forward, step forward

    b) ( in time) (frml) en adelante

    from this day forward — desde hoy en adelante; see also bring, carry forward


    II
    1) (before n) ( in direction) <movement/motion> hacia adelante

    forward pass — ( Sport) pase m adelantado

    forward slashnoun barra f (oblicua)

    2) ( advance)
    3) (assertive, pushy) atrevido, descarado

    III
    transitive verb ( send) ( Busn) enviar, remitir; ( to a different address) enviar*, mandar

    please forward — hacer* seguir


    IV
    noun ( Sport) delantero mf

    English-spanish dictionary > forward

  • 11 forward

    1.
    ['fɔːwəd]adverb
    1) (in direction faced) vorwärts
    2) (towards end of room etc. faced) nach vorn; vor[laufen, -rücken, -schieben]
    3) (closer) heran

    he came forward to greet meer kam auf mich zu, um mich zu begrüßen

    4) (ahead, in advance) voraus[schicken, -gehen]
    5) (into future) voraus[schauen, -denken]
    6)

    come forward(present oneself) [Zeuge, Helfer:] sich melden

    2. adjective
    1) (directed ahead) vorwärts gerichtet; nach vorn nachgestellt
    2) (at or to the front) Vorder-; vorder...
    3) (advanced) frühreif [Kind, Pflanze, Getreide]; fortschrittlich [Vorstellung, Ansicht, Maßnahme]
    4) (bold) dreist
    5) (Commerc.) Termin[geschäft, -verkauf]; Zukunfts[planung]
    3. noun
    (Sport) Stürmer, der/Stürmerin, die
    4. transitive verb
    1) (send on) nachschicken [Brief, Paket, Post] (to an + Akk.); (dispatch) abschicken [Waren] (to an + Akk.)

    ‘please forward’ — "bitte nachsenden"

    forwarding address — Nachsendeanschrift, die

    2) (pass on) weiterreichen, weiterleiten [Vorschlag, Plan] (to an + Akk.)
    3) (Computing) weiterleiten
    4) (promote) voranbringen [Karriere, Vorbereitung]
    * * *
    ['fo:wəd] 1. adjective
    1) (moving on; advancing: a forward movement.) vorwärts gerichtet
    2) (at or near the front: The forward part of a ship is called the `bows'.) vorder
    2. adverb
    1) ((also forwards) moving towards the front: A pendulum swings backward(s) and forward(s).) vorwärts
    2) (to a later time: from this time forward.) weiter
    3. noun
    ((in certain team games, eg football, hockey) a player in a forward position.) der Stürmer
    4. verb
    (to send (letters etc) on to another address: I have asked the post office to forward my mail.) nachsenden
    - academic.ru/9036/bring_forward">bring forward
    * * *
    for·ward
    [ˈfɔ:wəd, AM ˈfɔ:rwɚd]
    I. adv
    1. (towards front) nach vorn[e]
    the traffic moved \forward slowly der Verkehr bewegte sich langsam vorwärts
    there was a general movement \forward es gab eine allgemeine Vorwärtsbewegung
    to lean \forward sich akk vorlehnen
    to be backwards in coming \forward ( fig) sich akk nur zögerlich melden
    2. ( fig: progress) weiter
    a leap/step \forward ein Sprung/Schritt nach vorn[e]
    to be [no] further \forward [nicht] weiter sein
    3. (close to front) vorn[e]
    to be \forward of sth vor etw dat liegen [o gelegen sein]
    all the main cargo holds are \forward of the bridge alle Hauptfrachträume liegen vor der Brücke
    4. (earlier in time)
    we brought the starting time \forward an hour wir verlegten die Startzeit eine Stunde vor
    to put the clock/one's watch \forward die Uhr/seine Armbanduhr vorstellen
    from that day/time \forward von jenem Tag/jener Zeit an
    II. adj
    1. attr, inv (towards front) Vorwärts-
    \forward movement Vorwärtsbewegung f
    \forward gear AUTO Vorwärtsgang m
    a \forward pass SPORT Vorpass m
    2. (near front) vordere(r, s)
    3. MIL (close to enemy) vordere(r, s)
    4. attr, inv (of future) voraus-
    \forward look Vorschau f
    \forward planning Vorausplanung f
    5. (for future delivery) Termin-
    \forward buying Terminkauf m
    6. ( also pej: bold) vorlaut
    7. ( fig: judicious)
    \forward step Schritt m nach vorn
    8. HORT (early) frühe(r, s); (nearing maturity) frühreif
    III. n SPORT Stürmer(in) m(f)
    centre \forward Mittelstürmer(in) m(f)
    IV. vt
    1. (pass on)
    to \forward sth [to sb] etw [an jdn] weiterleiten
    “please \forward” „bitte nachsenden“
    2. ( form: send)
    to \forward sb sth [or sth to sb] jdm etw senden
    to \forward sth etw vorantreiben
    to \forward sb's interests jds Interessen vertreten
    * * *
    ['fɔːwəd]
    1. adv
    1) ( = onward[s], ahead) vorwärts; (= to the front, to particular point, out of line) nach vorn

    he drove backward(s) and forward(s) between the station and the house — er fuhr zwischen Haus und Bahnhof hin und her

    2)

    (in time) if we think forward to the next stage — wenn wir an die vor uns liegende nächste Stufe denken

    3)

    (= into prominence) to come forward — sich melden

    2. adj
    1) (in place) vordere(r, s); (in direction) Vorwärts-
    2) (in time) planning Voraus-; (COMM) buying, price Termin-; (= well-advanced) season (weit) fortgeschritten; plants früh pred; children frühreif

    I'd like to be further forward with my work — ich wollte, ich wäre mit meiner Arbeit schon weiter

    good forward thinking, Jones — gute Voraussicht, Jones

    3) (= presumptuous, pert) dreist
    3. n (SPORT)
    Stürmer(in) m(f)
    4. vt
    1) (= advance) plans etc vorantreiben; career voranbringen
    2) (= dispatch) goods beförden, senden; (= send on) letter, parcel nachsenden
    3) (INTERNET ETC) information weiterleiten; e-mail forwarden, weiterleiten
    * * *
    forward [ˈfɔː(r)wə(r)d]
    A adv vor…, nach vorn, vorwärts, voran…, voraus…:
    from this day forward von heute an;
    freight forward WIRTSCH Fracht gegen Nachnahme;
    buy forward WIRTSCH auf Termin kaufen;
    go forward fig Fortschritte machen;
    help forward weiterhelfen (dat);
    forward, march! MIL im Gleichschritt, marsch!; bring forward, carry forward, put forward etc
    B adj (adv forwardly)
    1. vorwärts oder nach vorn gerichtet, Vorwärts…:
    forward area MIL Kampfgebiet n;
    forward defence (US defense) MIL Vorwärtsverteidigung f;
    forward planning Voraus-, Zukunftsplanung f;
    forward speed AUTO Vorwärtsgang m;
    forward strategy MIL Vorwärtsstrategie f;
    forward stroke TECH Vorlauf m (eines Kolbens)
    2. vorder(er, e, es)
    3. a) BOT frühreif (auch fig Kind)
    b) zeitig (Jahreszeit etc)
    4. ZOOL
    a) hochträchtig
    b) gut entwickelt
    5. fig fortschrittlich
    6. fig fortgeschritten (at in dat; with mit)
    7. fig vorlaut, dreist
    8. fig vorschnell, -eilig
    9. fig schnell bereit ( to do sth etwas zu tun)
    10. WIRTSCH auf Ziel oder Zeit, für spätere Lieferung oder Zahlung, Termin…:
    forward business (market, sale, etc);
    forward exchange Termindevisen pl;
    forward exchange market Devisenterminmarkt m;
    forward operation Termingeschäft n;
    forward rate Terminkurs m, Kurs m für Termingeschäfte
    C s SPORT Stürmer(in):
    forward line Stürmer-, Sturmreihe f
    D v/t
    1. beschleunigen
    2. fördern, begünstigen
    3. a) (ver)senden, schicken
    b) befördern
    4. einen Brief etc nachsenden
    E v/i “please forward” „bitte nachsenden“
    * * *
    1.
    ['fɔːwəd]adverb
    2) (towards end of room etc. faced) nach vorn; vor[laufen, -rücken, -schieben]
    3) (closer) heran

    he came forward to greet me — er kam auf mich zu, um mich zu begrüßen

    4) (ahead, in advance) voraus[schicken, -gehen]
    5) (into future) voraus[schauen, -denken]
    6)

    come forward(present oneself) [Zeuge, Helfer:] sich melden

    2. adjective
    1) (directed ahead) vorwärts gerichtet; nach vorn nachgestellt
    2) (at or to the front) Vorder-; vorder...
    3) (advanced) frühreif [Kind, Pflanze, Getreide]; fortschrittlich [Vorstellung, Ansicht, Maßnahme]
    4) (bold) dreist
    5) (Commerc.) Termin[geschäft, -verkauf]; Zukunfts[planung]
    3. noun
    (Sport) Stürmer, der/Stürmerin, die
    4. transitive verb
    1) (send on) nachschicken [Brief, Paket, Post] (to an + Akk.); (dispatch) abschicken [Waren] (to an + Akk.)

    ‘please forward’ — "bitte nachsenden"

    forwarding address — Nachsendeanschrift, die

    2) (pass on) weiterreichen, weiterleiten [Vorschlag, Plan] (to an + Akk.)
    3) (Computing) weiterleiten
    4) (promote) voranbringen [Karriere, Vorbereitung]
    * * *
    (football) n.
    Stürmer - (Sport) m. adj.
    Vorwärts- präfix.
    dreist adj.
    fortschrittlich adj.
    nach vorn adj.
    vorlaut adj.
    vorwärts adj. v.
    befördern v.
    begünstigen v.
    fördern v.
    nachsenden v.
    schicken v.
    senden v.
    (§ p.,pp.: sandte (sendete), gesandt (gesendet))
    versenden v.
    weiterleiten (Brief) v.

    English-german dictionary > forward

  • 12 the

    abandon the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    abeam the left pilot position
    на левом траверзе
    abeam the right pilot position
    на правом траверзе
    abort the flight
    прерывать полет
    abort the takeoff
    прерывать взлет
    above the glide slope
    выше глиссады
    absorb the shock energy
    поглощать энергию удара
    accelerate the rotor
    раскручивать ротор
    accelerate to the speed
    разгонять до скорости
    adhere to the flight plan
    придерживаться плана полета
    adhere to the track
    придерживаться заданного курса
    adjust the cable
    регулировать трос
    adjust the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    adjust the engine
    регулировать двигатель до заданных параметров
    adjust the heading
    корректировать курс
    advice to follow the controller's advance
    выполнять указание диспетчера
    affect the regularity
    влиять на регулярность
    affect the safety
    влиять на безопасность
    align the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    align the aircraft with the center line
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси
    align the aircraft with the runway
    устанавливать воздушное судно по оси ВПП
    alter the heading
    менять курс
    amplify the signal
    усиливать сигнал
    apparent drift of the gyro
    кажущийся уход гироскопа
    apply the brake
    применять тормоз
    approach the beam
    приближаться к лучу
    approve the limitations
    утверждать ограничения
    approve the tariff
    утверждать тариф
    area of coverage of the forecasts
    район обеспечения прогнозами
    arrest the development of the stall
    препятствовать сваливанию
    arrive over the aerodrome
    прибывать в зону аэродрома
    assess the damage
    определять стоимость повреждения
    assess the distance
    оценивать расстояние
    assess the suitability
    оценивать пригодность
    assume the control
    брать управление на себя
    attain the power
    достигать заданной мощности
    attain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    at the end of
    в конце цикла
    at the end of segment
    в конце участка
    (полета) at the end of stroke
    в конце хода
    (поршня) at the ground level
    на уровне земли
    at the start of cycle
    в начале цикла
    at the start of segment
    в начале участка
    (полета) avoid the obstacle
    избегать столкновения с препятствием
    backward movement of the stick
    взятие ручки на себя
    balance the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    balance the control surface
    балансировать поверхность управления
    balance the propeller
    балансировать воздушный винт
    bear on the accident
    иметь отношение к происшествию
    before the turbine
    перед турбиной
    below the glide slope
    ниже глиссады
    below the landing minima
    ниже посадочного минимума
    bend the cotterpin ends
    загибать усики шплинта
    be off the track
    уклоняться от заданного курса
    be on the level on the hour
    занимать эшелон по нулям
    block the brake
    ставить на тормоз
    boundary of the area
    граница зоны
    brake the propeller
    стопорить воздушный винт
    break the journey
    прерывать полет
    bring the aircraft back
    возвращать воздушное судно
    bring the aircraft out
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    by altering the heading
    путем изменения курса
    cage the gyroscope
    арретировать гироскоп
    calibrate the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    calibrate the indicator
    тарировать прибор
    calibrate the system
    тарировать систему
    calibrate the tank
    тарировать бак
    cancel the drift
    парировать снос
    cancel the flight
    отменять полет
    cancel the forecast
    аннулировать сообщенный прогноз
    cancel the signal
    прекращать подачу сигнала
    capture the beam
    захватывать луч
    carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
    выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
    carry out the flight
    выполнять полет
    center the autopilot
    центрировать автопилот
    center the wiper
    центрировать щетку
    change the frequency
    изменять частоту
    change the pitch
    изменять шаг
    change the track
    изменять линию пути
    check the reading
    проверять показания
    chop the power
    внезапно изменять режим
    circle the aerodrome
    летать по кругу над аэродромом
    clean the aircraft
    убирать механизацию крыла воздушного судна
    clean up the crack
    зачищать трещину
    clearance of the aircraft
    разрешение воздушному судну
    clearance over the threshold
    безопасная высота пролета порога
    clear for the left-hand turn
    давать разрешение на левый разворот
    clear the aircraft
    давать разрешение воздушному судну
    clear the obstacle
    устранять препятствие
    clear the point
    пролетать над заданной точкой
    clear the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    climb on the course
    набирать высоту при полете по курсу
    close the buckets
    закрывать створки
    close the circuit
    замыкать цепь
    close the flight
    заканчивать регистрацию на рейс
    come clear of the ground
    отрываться от земли
    commence the flight
    начинать полет
    commence the landing procedure
    начинать посадку
    compare the readings
    сравнивать показания
    compensate the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    compensate the error
    списывать девиацию
    compile the accident report
    составлять отчет об авиационном происшествии
    complete the circuit
    закольцовывать
    complete the flight
    завершать полет
    complete the flight plan
    составлять план полета
    complete the turn
    завершать разворот
    compute the visual range
    вычислять дальность видимости
    conditions beyond the experience
    условия, по сложности превосходящие квалификацию пилота
    conditions on the route
    условия по заданному маршруту
    considering the obstacles
    учет препятствий
    construct the procedure
    разрабатывать схему
    containerize the cargo
    упаковывать груз в контейнере
    continue operating on the fuel reserve
    продолжать полет на аэронавигационном запасе топлива
    continue the flight
    продолжать полет
    continue the takeoff
    продолжать взлет
    contribute towards the safety
    способствовать повышению безопасности
    control the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    control the pitch
    управлять шагом
    convert the frequency
    преобразовывать частоту
    convey the information
    передавать информацию
    correct the trouble
    устранять отказ
    correspond with the operating minima
    соответствовать эксплуатационному минимуму
    counteract the rotor torque
    уравновешивать крутящий момент несущего винта
    coverage of the chart
    картографируемый район
    cover the route
    пробегать по полному маршруту
    crosscheck the readings
    сверять показания
    cross the airway
    пересекать авиатрассу
    data on the performance
    координаты характеристики
    decelerate in the flight
    гасить скорость в полете
    decelerate the aircraft to
    снижать скорость воздушного судна до
    decrease the deviation
    уменьшать величину отклонения от курса
    decrease the pitch
    уменьшать шаг
    decrease the speed
    уменьшать скорость
    de-energize the bus
    обесточивать шину
    define the failure
    определять причины отказа
    deflate the tire
    ослаблять давление в пневматике
    deflect the control surface
    отклонять поверхность управления
    (напр. элерон) delay the turn
    затягивать разворот
    delimit the runway
    обозначать границы ВПП
    delimit the taxiway
    обозначать границы рулежной дорожки
    delineate the runway
    очерчивать границы ВПП
    delineate the taxiway
    обозначать размеры рулежной дорожки
    deliver the baggage
    доставлять багаж
    deliver the clearance
    передавать разрешение
    denote the obstacle
    обозначать препятствие
    denoting the obstacle
    обозначение препятствия
    depart from the rules
    отступать от установленных правил
    departure from the standards
    отклонение от установленных стандартов
    depress the pedal
    нажимать на педаль
    detach the load
    отцеплять груз
    detach the wing
    отстыковывать крыло
    determinate the cause
    устанавливать причину
    determine amount of the error
    определять величину девиации
    determine the delay
    устанавливать время задержки
    determine the extent of damage
    определять степень повреждения
    determine the friction
    определять величину сцепления
    determine the sign of deviation
    определять знак девиации
    detract from the safety
    снижать безопасность
    development of the stall
    процесс сваливания
    deviate from the flight plan
    отклоняться от плана полета
    deviate from the glide slope
    отклоняться от глиссады
    deviate from the heading
    отклоняться от заданного курса
    deviation from the course
    отклонение от заданного курса
    deviation from the level flight
    отклонение от линии горизонтального полета
    discharge the cargo
    снимать груз в контейнере
    disclose the fares
    опубликовывать тарифы
    discontinue the takeoff
    прекращать взлет
    disengage the autopilot
    выключать автопилот
    displace the center-of-gravity
    изменять центровку
    disregard the indicator
    пренебрегать показаниями прибора
    disseminate the forecast
    распространять прогноз
    drain the tank
    сливать из бака
    draw the conclusion
    подготавливать заключение
    drift off the course
    сносить с курса
    drift off the heading
    уходить с заданного курса
    drop the nose
    сваливаться на нос
    duck below the glide path
    резко снижаться относительно глиссады
    ease the aircraft on
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    effect adversely the strength
    нарушать прочность
    (напр. фюзеляжа) elevation of the strip
    превышение летной полосы
    eliminate the cause of
    устранять причину
    eliminate the hazard
    устранять опасную ситуацию
    eliminate the ice formation
    устранять обледенение
    eliminate the source of danger
    устранять источник опасности
    (для воздушного движения) enable the aircraft to
    давать воздушному судну право
    endanger the aircraft
    создавать опасность для воздушного судна
    endange the safety
    угрожать безопасности
    endorse the license
    делать отметку в свидетельстве
    energize the bus
    подавать электропитание на шину
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engage the autopilot
    включать автопилот
    ensure the adequate provisions
    обеспечивать соответствующие меры предосторожности
    enter the aircraft
    заносить воздушное судно в реестр
    enter the aircraft stand
    заруливать на место стоянки воздушного судна
    enter the airway
    выходить на авиатрассу
    enter the final approach track
    выходить на посадочную прямую
    enter the spin
    входить в штопор
    enter the tariff into force
    утверждать тарифную ставку
    enter the traffic circuit
    входить в круг движения
    enter the turn
    входить в разворот
    entry into the aerodrome zone
    вход в зону аэродрома
    entry into the flare
    входить в этап выравнивания
    erection of the gyro
    восстановление гироскопа
    establish the characteristics
    устанавливать характеристики
    establish the flight conditions
    устанавливать режим полета
    establish the procedure
    устанавливать порядок
    exceeding the stalling angle
    выход на закритический угол атаки
    exceed the stop
    преодолевать упор
    execute the manoeuvre
    выполнять маневр
    execute the turn
    выполнять разворот
    expedite the clearance
    ускорять оформление
    express the altitude
    четко указывать высоту
    extend the agreement
    продлевать срок действия соглашения
    extend the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    extend the legs
    выпускать шасси
    extreme aft the center-of-gravity
    предельная задняя центровка
    extreme forward the center-of-gravity
    предельная передняя центровка
    eye height over the threshold
    уровень положения глаз над порогом ВПП
    fail into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    fail to follow the procedure
    не выполнять установленную схему
    fail to observe the limitations
    не соблюдать установленные ограничения
    fail to provide the manuals
    не обеспечивать соответствующими инструкциями
    fall into the spin
    срываться в штопор
    feather the propeller
    ставить воздушный винт во флюгерное положение
    file the flight plan
    регистрировать план полета
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    flight inbound the station
    полет в направлении на станцию
    flight outbound the station
    полет в направлении от станции
    flight over the high seas
    полет над открытым морем
    flight under the rules
    полет по установленным правилам
    fly above the weather
    летать над верхней кромкой облаков
    fly at the altitude
    летать на заданной высоте
    fly into the sun
    летать против солнца
    fly into the wind
    летать против ветра
    fly on the autopilot
    летать на автопилоте
    fly on the course
    летать по курсу
    fly on the heading
    летать по курсу
    fly the aircraft
    1. управлять самолетом
    2. пилотировать воздушное судно fly the beam
    лететь по лучу
    fly the circle
    летать по кругу
    fly the glide-slope beam
    летать по глиссадному лучу
    fly the great circle
    летать по ортодромии
    fly the heading
    выполнять полет по курсу
    fly the rhumb line
    летать по локсодромии
    fly under the autopilot
    пилотировать при помощи автопилота
    fly under the supervision of
    летать под контролем
    focus the light
    фокусировать фару
    follow the beam
    выдерживать направление по лучу
    follow the glide slope
    выдерживать глиссаду
    follow up the aircraft
    сопровождать воздушное судно
    forfeit the reservation
    лишать брони
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    fuel the tank
    заправлять бак топливом
    fulfil the conditions
    выполнять условия
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    gain the altitude
    набирать заданную высоту
    gain the glide path
    входить в глиссаду
    gain the power
    достигать заданной мощность
    gain the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    gather the speed
    наращивать скорость
    get into the aerodrome
    приземляться на аэродроме
    get on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    get the height
    набирать заданную высоту
    give the way
    уступать трассу
    go out of the spin
    выходить из штопора
    govern the application
    регулировать применение
    govern the flight
    управлять ходом полета
    govern the operation
    руководить эксплуатацией
    grade of the pilot licence
    класс пилотского свидетельства
    guard the frequency
    прослушивать частоту
    handle the baggage
    обслуживать багаж
    handle the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    have the runway in sight
    четко видеть ВПП
    head the aircraft into wind
    направлять воздушное судно против ветра
    hold on the heading
    выдерживать на заданном курсе
    hold over the aids
    выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
    hold over the beacon
    выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
    hold the aircraft on the heading
    выдерживать воздушное судно на заданном курсе
    hold the brake
    удерживать тормоза
    hold the heading on the compass
    выдерживать курс по компасу
    hold the position
    ожидать на месте
    hold the speed accurately
    точно выдерживать скорость
    hover at the height of
    зависать на высоте
    hovering in the ground effect
    висение в зоне влияния земли
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    identify the aircraft
    опознавать воздушное судно
    identify the center line
    обозначать осевую линию
    impair the operation
    нарушать работу
    impair the safety
    снижать безопасность
    impose the limitations
    налагать ограничения
    in computing the fuel
    при расчете количества топлива
    in conformity with the specifications
    в соответствии с техническими условиями
    increase a camber of the profile
    увеличивать кривизну профиля
    increase the pitch
    увеличивать шаг
    increase the speed
    увеличивать скорость
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    inherent in the aircraft
    свойственный воздушному судну
    initiate the turn
    входить в разворот
    install in the aircraft
    устанавливать на борту воздушного судна
    install on the aircraft
    монтировать на воздушном судне
    intercept the beam
    выходить на ось луча
    intercept the glide slope
    захватывать луч глиссады
    International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
    Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
    interpretation of the signal
    расшифровка сигнала
    in the case of delay
    в случае задержки
    in the event of a mishap
    в случае происшествия
    in the event of malfunction
    в случая отказа
    introduction of the corrections
    ввод поправок
    issue the certificate
    выдавать сертификат
    jeopardize the flight
    подвергать полет опасности
    judge the safety
    оценивать степень опасности
    keep clear of the aircraft
    держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
    keep out of the way
    не занимать трассу
    keep tab on the fleet
    вести учет парка
    keep the aircraft on
    выдерживать воздушное судно
    keep the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    keep the ball centered
    держать шарик в центре
    keep the pace
    выдерживать дистанцию
    keep to the minima
    устанавливать минимум
    kick off the drift
    парировать снос
    kill the landing speed
    гасить посадочную скорость
    landing off the aerodrome
    посадка вне аэродрома
    land into the wind
    выполнять посадку против ветра
    land the aircraft
    приземлять воздушное судно
    latch the pitch stop
    устанавливать на упор шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) latch the propeller flight stop
    ставить воздушный винт на полетный упор
    lateral the center-of-gravity
    поперечная центровка
    lay the route
    прокладывать маршрут
    lead in the aircraft
    заруливать воздушное судно
    lead out the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно
    leave the airspace
    покидать данное воздушное пространство
    leave the altitude
    уходить с заданной высоты
    leave the plane
    выходить из самолета
    leave the runway
    освобождать ВПП
    level the aircraft out
    выравнивать воздушное судно
    lie beyond the range
    находиться вне заданного предела
    line up the aircraft
    выруливать воздушное судно на исполнительный старт
    load the gear
    загружать редуктор
    load the generator
    нагружать генератор
    load the structure
    нагружать конструкцию
    lock the landing gear
    ставить шасси на замки
    lock the landing gear down
    ставить шасси на замок выпущенного положения
    lock the landing gear up
    ставить шасси на замок убранного положения
    lock the legs
    устанавливать шасси на замки выпущенного положения
    longitudinal the center-of-gravity
    продольная центровка
    lose the altitude
    терять высоту
    lose the speed
    терять заданную скорость
    loss the control
    терять управление
    lower the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    lower the legs
    выпускать шасси
    lower the nose wheel
    опускать носовое колесо
    maintain the aircraft at readiness to
    держать воздушное судно готовым
    maintain the altitude
    выдерживать заданную высоту
    maintain the course
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the flight level
    выдерживать заданный эшелон полета
    maintain the flight procedure
    выдерживать установленный порядок полетов
    maintain the flight watch
    выдерживать заданный график полета
    maintain the flying speed
    выдерживать требуемую скорость полета
    maintain the heading
    выдерживать заданный курс
    maintain the parameter
    выдерживать заданный параметр
    make a complaint against the company
    подавать жалобу на компанию
    make the aircraft airborne
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    make the course change
    изменять курс
    make the reservation
    забронировать место
    manipulate the flight controls
    оперировать органами управления полетом
    mark the obstacle
    маркировать препятствие
    mean scale of the chart
    средний масштаб карты
    meet the airworthiness standards
    удовлетворять нормам летной годности
    meet the conditions
    выполнять требования
    meet the specifications
    соблюдать технические условия
    misjudge the distance
    неправильно оценивать расстояние
    modify the flight plan
    уточнять план полета
    monitor the flight
    следить за полетом
    monitor the frequency
    контролировать заданную частоту
    moor the aircraft
    швартовать воздушное судно
    mount on the frame
    монтировать на шпангоуте
    move off from the rest
    страгивать с места
    move the blades to higher
    утяжелять воздушный винт
    move the pedal forward
    давать педаль вперед
    name-code of the route
    кодирование названия маршрута
    neglect the indicator
    не учитывать показания прибора
    note the instrument readings
    отмечать показания приборов
    note the time
    засекать время
    observe the conditions
    соблюдать условия
    observe the instruments
    следить за показаниями приборов
    observe the readings
    наблюдать за показаниями
    obtain the correct path
    выходить на заданную траекторию
    obtain the flying speed
    набирать заданную скорость полета
    obtain the forecast
    получать прогноз
    offer the capacity
    предлагать объем загрузки
    off-load the pump
    разгружать насос
    on the base leg
    выполнил третий разворот
    on the beam
    в зоне действия луча
    on the cross-wind leg
    выполнил первый разворот
    on the down-wind leg
    выполнил второй разворот
    on the eastbound leg
    на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
    on the final leg
    выполнил четвертый разворот
    on the left base leg
    подхожу к четвертому с левым разворотом
    on the speed
    на скорости
    on the upwind leg
    вхожу в круг
    open the buckets
    открывать створки
    open the circuit
    размыкать цепь
    open the door inward outward
    открывать люк внутрь наружу
    operate from the aerodrome
    выполнять полеты с аэродрома
    operate under the conditions
    эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
    overcome the obstacle
    преодолевать препятствие
    overcome the spring force
    преодолевать усилие пружины
    overflying the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    overpower the autopilot
    пересиливать автопилот
    overrun the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    overshoot capture of the glide slope
    поздний захват глиссадного луча
    over the territory
    над территорией
    over the top
    над верхней границей облаков
    over the wing
    над крылом
    park in the baggage
    сдавать в багаж
    participation in the investigation
    участие в расследовании
    passing over the runway
    пролет над ВПП
    pass the signal
    пропускать сигнал
    past the turbine
    за турбиной
    perform the service bulletin
    выполнять доработку по бюллетеню
    pick up the signal
    фиксировать сигнал
    pick up the speed
    развивать заданную скорость
    pilot on the controls
    пилот, управляющий воздушным судном
    pitch the nose downward
    опускать нос
    place the aircraft
    устанавливать воздушное судно
    place the flaps in
    устанавливать закрылки
    plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
    плоскость симметрии самолета
    plot the aircraft
    засекать воздушное судно
    potential hazard to the safe
    потенциальная угроза безопасности
    power the bus
    включать шину
    present the minimum hazard
    представлять минимальную опасность
    preserve the clearance
    сохранять запас высоты
    pressurize the bearing
    уплотнять опору подачей давления
    produce the signal
    выдавать сигнал
    profitability over the route
    эффективность маршрута
    prolongation of the rating
    продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
    properly identify the aircraft
    точно опознавать воздушное судно
    protect the circuit
    защищать цепь
    prove the system
    испытывать систему
    pull out of the spin
    выводить из штопора
    pull the aircraft out of
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control column back
    брать штурвал на себя
    pull the control stick back
    брать ручку управления на себя
    pull up the helicopter
    резко увеличивать подъемную силу вертолета
    puncture the tire
    прокалывать покрышку
    push the aircraft back
    буксировать воздушное судно хвостом вперед
    push the aircraft down
    снижать высоту полета воздушного судна
    push the control column
    отдавать штурвал от себя
    push the control stick
    отдавать ручку управления от себя
    put into the spin
    вводить в штопор
    put on the course
    выходить на заданный курс
    put the aircraft into production
    запускать воздушное судно в производство
    put the aircraft on the course
    выводить воздушное судно на заданный курс
    put the aircraft over
    переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
    raise the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    reach the altitude
    занимать заданную высоту
    reach the flight level
    занимать заданный эшелон полета
    reach the glide path
    входить в зону глиссады
    reach the speed
    достигать заданных оборотов
    reach the stalling angle
    выходить на критический угол
    read the drift angle
    отсчитывать угол сноса
    read the instruments
    считывать показания приборов
    receive the signal
    принимать сигнал
    record the readings
    регистрировать показания
    recover from the spin
    выходить из штопора
    recover from the turn
    выходить из разворота
    recovery from the manoeuvre
    выход из маневра
    recovery from the stall
    вывод из режима сваливания
    recovery from the turn
    выход из разворота
    rectify the compass
    устранять девиацию компаса
    reduce the hazard
    уменьшать опасность
    reestablish the track
    восстанавливать заданную линию пути
    regain the glide path
    возвращаться на глиссаду
    regain the speed
    восстанавливать скорость
    regain the track
    возвращаться на заданный курс
    register the aircraft
    регистрировать воздушное судно
    release the aircraft
    прекращать контроль воздушного судна
    release the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков убранного положения
    release the landing gear lock
    снимать шасси с замка
    release the load
    сбрасывать груз
    release the uplock
    открывать замок убранного положения
    relocate the plane's trim
    восстанавливать балансировку самолета
    remedy the defect
    устранять дефект
    remedy the trouble
    устранять отказ
    remove the aircraft
    удалять воздушное судно
    remove the crack
    выбирать трещину
    remove the tangle
    распутывать
    render the certificate
    передавать сертификат
    renew the license
    возобновлять действие свидетельства или лицензии
    renew the rating
    возобновлять действие квалификационной отметки
    replan the flight
    измерять маршрут полета
    report reaching the altitude
    докладывать о занятии заданной высоты
    report reaching the flight level
    докладывать о занятии заданного эшелона полета
    report the heading
    сообщать курс
    reset the gyroscope
    восстанавливать гироскоп
    restart the engine in flight
    запускать двигатель в полете
    restore the system
    восстанавливать работу системы
    restrict the operations
    накладывать ограничения на полеты
    resume the flight
    возобновлять полет
    resume the journey
    возобновлять полет
    retain the lever
    фиксировать рукоятку
    retract the landing gear
    убирать шасси
    return the aircraft to service
    допускать воздушное судно к дальнейшей эксплуатации
    reverse the propeller
    переводить винт на отрицательную тягу
    roll in the aircraft
    вводить воздушное судно в крен
    roll into the turn
    входить в разворот
    roll left on the heading
    выходить на курс с левым разворотом
    roll on the aircraft
    выполнять этап пробега воздушного судна
    roll on the course
    выводить на заданный курс
    roll out of the turn
    выходить из разворота
    roll out on the heading
    выходить на заданный курс
    roll out the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из крена
    roll right on the heading
    выходить на курс с правым разворотом
    rotate the aircraft
    отрывать переднюю опору шасси воздушного судна
    rotate the bogie
    запрокидывать тележку
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    run fluid through the system
    прогонять систему
    run off the runway
    выкатываться за пределы ВПП
    run out the landing gear
    выпускать шасси
    schedule the performances
    задавать характеристики
    seat the brush
    притирать щетку
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    secure the mishap site
    обеспечивать охрану места происшествия
    select the course
    выбирать курс
    select the flight route
    выбирать маршрут полета
    select the frequency
    выбирать частоту
    select the heading
    задавать курс
    select the mode
    выбирать режим
    select the track angle
    задавать путевой угол
    separate the aircraft
    эшелонировать воздушное судно
    serve out the service life
    вырабатывать срок службы
    set at the desired angle
    устанавливать на требуемый угол
    set the course
    устанавливать курс
    set the flaps at
    устанавливать закрылки
    set the heading
    устанавливать курс
    set the propeller pitch
    устанавливать шаг воздушного винта
    set the throttle lever
    устанавливать сектор газа
    set up the speed
    задавать определенную скорость
    shift the center-of-gravity
    смещать центровку
    shop out the skin
    вырубать обшивку
    simulate the instruments responses
    имитировать показания приборов
    slacken the cable
    ослаблять натяжение троса
    slave the gyroscope
    согласовывать гироскоп
    smooth on the heading
    плавно выводить на заданный курс
    smooth out the crack
    удалять трещину
    smooth out the dent
    выправлять вмятину
    smooth the signal
    сглаживать сигнал
    space the aircraft
    определять зону полета воздушного судна
    spin the gyro rotor
    раскручивать ротор гироскопа
    state instituting the investigation
    государство, назначающее расследование
    (авиационного происшествия) state submitting the report
    государство, представляющее отчет
    (об авиационном происшествии) steady airflow about the wing
    установившееся обтекание крыла воздушным потоком
    steer the aircraft
    управлять воздушным судном
    stop the crack propagation
    предотвращать развитие трещины
    stop the leakage
    устранять течь
    submit the flight plan
    представлять план полета
    substitute the aircraft
    заменять воздушное судно
    supervision approved by the State
    надзор, установленный государством
    supply the signal
    подавать сигнал
    swing the compass
    списывать девиацию компаса
    swing the door open
    открывать створку
    switch to the autopilot
    переходить на управление с помощью автопилота
    switch to the proper tank
    включать подачу топлива из бака с помощью электрического крана
    takeoff into the wind
    взлетать против ветра
    take off power to the shaft
    отбирать мощность на вал
    take over the control
    брать управление на себя
    take the bearing
    брать заданный пеленг
    take the energy from
    отбирать энергию
    take the readings
    считывать показания
    take the taxiway
    занимать рулежную дорожку
    take up the backlash
    устранять люфт
    take up the position
    выходить на заданную высоту
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    terminate the agreement
    прекращать действие соглашения
    terminate the control
    прекращать диспетчерское обслуживание
    terminate the flight
    завершать полет
    test in the wind tunnel
    продувать в аэродинамической трубе
    test the system
    испытывать систему
    the aircraft under command
    управляемое воздушное судно
    the route to be flown
    намеченный маршрут полета
    the route to be followed
    установленный маршрут полета
    the runway is clear
    ВПП свободна
    the runway is not clear
    ВПП занята
    the search is terminated
    поиск прекращен
    through on the same flight
    транзитом тем же рейсом
    throughout the service life
    на протяжении всего срока службы
    tighten the turn
    уменьшать радиус разворота
    time in the air
    налет часов
    time the valves
    регулировать газораспределение
    titl of the gyro
    завал гироскопа
    to define the airspace
    определять границы воздушного пространства
    transfer the control
    передавать диспетчерское управление другому пункту
    transit to the climb speed
    переходить к скорости набора высоты
    trim the aircraft
    балансировать воздушное судно
    turn into the wind
    разворачивать против ветра
    turn off the system
    выключать систему
    turn on the system
    включать систему
    turn the proper tank on
    включать подачу топлива из бока с помощью механического крана
    unarm the system
    отключать состояние готовности системы
    uncage the gyroscope
    разарретировать гироскоп
    unfeather the propeller
    выводить воздушный винт из флюгерного положения
    unlatch the landing gear
    снимать шасси с замков
    unlatch the pitch stop
    снимать с упора шага
    (лопасти воздушного винта) unstall the aircraft
    выводить воздушное судно из сваливания на крыло
    unstick the aircraft
    отрывать воздушное судно от земли
    uplift the freight
    принимать груз на борт
    violate the law
    нарушать установленный порядок
    wander off the course
    сбиваться с курса
    warn the aircraft
    предупреждать воздушное судно
    wind the generator
    наматывать обмотку генератора
    with decrease in the altitude
    со снижением высоты
    withdraw from the agreement
    выходить из соглашения
    with increase in the altitude
    с набором высоты
    within the frame of
    в пределах
    within the range
    в заданном диапазоне
    withstand the load
    выдерживать нагрузку
    work on the aircraft
    выполнять работу на воздушном судне
    write down the readings
    фиксировать показания

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > the

  • 13 forward

    forward ['fɔ:wəd]
    (a) (towards front → movement) en avant, vers l'avant; (→ position) avant;
    the seat is too far forward le siège est trop avancé ou en avant
    the project is no further forward le projet n'a pas avancé;
    forward planning planification f à long terme
    (c) (brash) effronté, impertinent
    (d) Finance & Commerce à terme
    (a) (in space) en avant; Nautical à l'avant;
    to move forward avancer;
    keep going straight forward continuez tout droit;
    he reached forward il a tendu le bras en avant;
    figurative three witnesses came forward trois témoins se sont présentés;
    Military forward, march! en avant, marche!;
    clocks go forward one hour at midnight il faut avancer les pendules d'une heure à minuit
    from this moment forward à partir de maintenant;
    from this day forward désormais, dorénavant
    to carry the balance forward reporter le solde à nouveau;
    (carried) forward report m
    (a) (send on) faire suivre; Commerce expédier, envoyer;
    to forward sth to sb faire parvenir qch à qn;
    we'll forward your report to the relevant department nous transmettrons votre rapport au service correspondant;
    I've arranged to have my mail forwarded j'ai fait le nécessaire pour qu'on fasse suivre mon courrier;
    please forward (on envelope) faire suivre SVP, prière de faire suivre
    (b) (advance, promote) avancer, favoriser
    4 noun
    avant m
    ►► Finance forward account compte m à terme;
    Finance forward buying achat m à terme;
    Finance forward contract contrat m à terme;
    Finance & Commerce forward dealing opérations fpl à terme;
    Commerce forward delivery livraison f à terme;
    Finance forward exchange market marché m des changes à terme;
    Finance forward exchange transaction opération f de change à terme;
    Cars forward gears marches fpl avant;
    Economics forward integration intégration f en aval, intégration f descendante;
    Sport forward line ligne f des avants;
    Finance & Commerce forward market marché m à terme;
    Sport forward pass (in rugby) passe f en avant;
    Finance & Commerce forward price prix m à terme;
    Finance & Commerce forward purchase achat m à terme;
    Finance forward rate cours m à terme, taux m pour les opérations à terme;
    Finance Forward Rate Agreement accord m de taux à terme;
    Gymnastics forward roll cabriole f, culbute f;
    Commerce forward sale vente f à terme;
    Computing forward search recherche f avant;
    British Computing forward slash barre f oblique;
    Finance & Commerce forward trading opérations fpl à terme

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > forward

  • 14 forward

    ˈfɔ:wəd
    1. прил.
    1) а) передний;
    мор. находящийся в передней части корабля б) передовой, прогрессивный;
    идущий впереди других, лидирующий в) направленный вперед, по ходу движения
    2) а) готовый, желающий (оказать какую-л. услугу и т. п.) Syn: ready, prompt, eager б) всюду сующийся;
    нахальный, наглый, развязный Syn: bold
    2), presumptuous, pert, bold, immodest
    3) а) заблаговременный, экон. форвардный( о закупках, контрактах) "Forward delivery" means that the goods will be delivered at a future date. ≈ Форвардная поставка означает, что товар будет поставлен к некоторой будущей дате. forward estimate б) прям. перен. ранний, скороспелый, преждевременный Syn: precocious
    2. нареч.
    1) а) с этого момента, отныне, впредь (обычно в выражениях типа from this day forward) - look forward Syn: henceforth, from now on б) коммерч. в будущем, потом;
    форвардно, вперед( о поставке, платеже) Maize still dear, but cheaper forward. ≈ Кукуруза все еще дорога, но в будущем подешевеет. to date forward
    2) вперед, от себя, дальше;
    мор. на носу корабля The river is rushing forward. ≈ Река бежит вперед. Syn: onward
    3) спереди, на виду, так, что нечто оказывается на обозрении Who are you, my good friend, who put yourself so forward? ≈ Кто ты, друг мой, что все время норовишь показаться? A young man who stands very forward in parliament. ≈ Очень заметный в парламенте молодой человек. - bring forwardbackward(s) and forward(s) ≈ взад и вперед to look forward to smth. ≈ предвкушать что-л.
    3. сущ.;
    спорт спорт нападающий, форвард ( в футболе, а также других играх)
    4. гл.
    1) а) прям. перен. ускорять, подталкивать вперед, помогать, способствовать To protect its rights and to forward its interests. ≈ Чтобы защитить свои права и удовлетворить свои интересы. Syn: hasten, quicken, advance, assist, promote б) с.-х. ускорять каким-л. методом рост растений
    2) отправлять, пересылать, комп. сл. форвардить (о почте, в частности, электронной) ;
    посылать, препровождать, переадресовывать( какое-л. лицо, просьбу, петицию и т.д.) (from;
    to) Please forward any letters to me while I'm on holiday. ≈ Пожалуйста, пересылайте мне всю мою почту, пока я в отпуске. Syn: send
    3) полигр. пересылать сшитую книгу в обложечную мастерскую, наклеив предварительно бумажную обложку
    5. межд. вперед! Ibrahim had but to cry "Forward", and Constantinople was his. ≈ Ибрагиму оставалось только крикнуть "Вперед!" и Константинополь падет к его ногам. (спортивное) нападающий (игрок) ;
    форвард - centre * центральный нападающий, центрфорвард передний, передовой - * echelon( военное) первый /головной/ эшелон передовой, прогрессивный - * magazine прогрессивный /передовой/ журнал - * movement прогрессивное движение рассчитанный на будущее - * planning перспективное планирование лучший, выдающийся - * pupil лучший ученик ранний - * spring ранняя весна - * for the season не по сезону ранний - to be * with one's work досрочно выполнить работу слишком рано развившийся - * child не по годам развитой ребенок радикальный, действенный, решительный готовый, стремящийся( что-л. сделать) - to be * to assist быть готовым помочь навязчивый;
    развязный, нахальный - * minx нахальная девчонка( коммерческое) заблаговременный;
    срочный, на определенный срок;
    будущий вперед, дальше - *! вперед! - to go * продолжать - to send * посылать вперед - to put * продвигать, выдвигать впредь, далее;
    вперед - from this time * с этого времени( впредь) > * and backward взад и вперед > to look * to smth. предвкушать что-л. > to put /to set/ oneself * важничать;
    быть о себе слишком высокого мнения > carriage * (коммерческое) за перевозку не уплачено;
    стоимость перевозки подлежит уплате получателем помогать, способствовать;
    ускорять - to * a plan продвигать проект - to * the growth of a plant ускорять рост растения продвигать по службе и т. п. - to * smb. in rank повышать кого-л. в ранге /в чине/ продвигать вперед (ленту, фотопленку в аппарате и т. п.) посылать, отправлять - to * goods отправлять товары по месту назначения пересылать;
    препровождать - to * letters to a new address пересылать письма по новому адресу (полиграфия) обрабатывать книжный блок backward(s) and ~(s) взад и вперед, to look forward (to smth.) предвкушать (что-л.) balance brought ~ сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу balance brought ~ сальдо с переноса с предыдущей страницы balance carried ~ сальдо к переносу на следующую страницу balance carried ~ сальдо с переноса с предыдущей страницы brought ~ (B/F) перенесенный на следующий год brought ~ (B/F) перенесенный на следующую страницу brought ~ to next year's account перенесенный на счет следующего года buy ~ бирж. покупать на срок carriage ~ за перевозку не уплачено carriage ~ стоимость перевозки подлежит уплате получателем carried ~ (C/F) бухг. к переносу carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на будущий период carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на другой счет carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесенный на другую страницу carried ~ (C/F) бухг. перенесено carry a balance ~ бухг. делать перенос сальдо на другой счет carry ~ to new account бухг. переносить на новый счет carry ~ to next year's account бухг. переносить на счет следующего года ~ спорт. нападающий (в футболе) ;
    centre forward центр нападения date ~ назначать ранний срок exchange dealers' ~ positions позиции биржевых дилеров по форвардным сделкам forward будущий ~ int вперед! ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее ~ вперед;
    дальше ~ всюду сующийся;
    развязный;
    нахальный ~ выдающийся ~ готовый (помочь и т. п.) ~ заблаговременный (о закупках, контрактах) ;
    forward estimate предварительная смета или оценка ~ заблаговременный ~ идущий впереди других;
    работающий или успевающий лучше других ~ лучший ~ спорт. нападающий (в футболе) ;
    centre forward центр нападения ~ отправлять, пересылать;
    посылать, препровождать ~ отправлять ~ передний ~ передний ~ передовой, прогрессивный ~ передовой ~ пересылать ~ помогать ~ посылать ~ препровождать ~ ранний;
    скороспелый;
    преждевременный;
    необычно ранний ~ способствовать ~ срочный ~ ускорять;
    помогать, способствовать;
    to forward a scheme продвигать проект ~ ускорять ~ форвардный ~ экспедировать ~ ускорять;
    помогать, способствовать;
    to forward a scheme продвигать проект ~ заблаговременный (о закупках, контрактах) ;
    forward estimate предварительная смета или оценка freight ~ отправление грузов freight ~ фрахт, уплачиваемый в порту выгрузки ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее funds brought ~ средства, перенесенные на другую страницу funds brought ~ средства, перенесенные на другой счет ~ вперед, впредь;
    from this time forward с этого времени;
    to look forward смотреть в будущее backward(s) and ~(s) взад и вперед, to look forward (to smth.) предвкушать (что-л.) look ~ to предвкушать loss brought ~ убытки, перенесенные на следующую страницу loss brought ~ убытки, перенесенные на последующий период pointing ~ указывающий вперед profit brought ~ прибыль, перенесенная на следующий период put ~ выдвигать put ~ заходить в порт put ~ назначать на должность put ~ предъявлять put: ~ forward выдвигать, предлагать ~ forward передвигать вперед (о стрелках часов) ~ forward продвигать (кого-л.), содействовать( кому-л.) sell ~ продавать на срок sell ~ продавать с будущей поставкой

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > forward

  • 15 continue to advance

    English-Russian base dictionary > continue to advance

  • 16 bring forward

    transitive verb
    2) (draw attention to) vorlegen [Beweise]; vorbringen [Argument]; zur Sprache bringen [Fall, Angelegenheit, Frage]
    3) (move to earlier time) vorverlegen [Termin] (to auf + Akk.)
    4) (Bookk.) übertragen
    * * *
    1) ((also put forward) to bring to people's attention; to cause to be discussed etc: They will consider the suggestions which you have brought/put forward.) vorbringen
    2) (to make to happen at an earlier date; to advance in time: They have brought forward the date of their wedding by one week.) vorschieben
    * * *
    vt
    to \bring forward forward ⇆ sth
    1. (reschedule earlier)
    to \bring forward forward an election/a meeting Wahlen/eine Sitzung vorverlegen
    2. (present for discussion) etw vorbringen
    to \bring forward an issue forward for debate ein Thema zur Diskussion stellen
    to \bring forward forward a proposal einen Vorschlag machen
    3. FIN (carry over) etw übertragen
    * * *
    vt sep
    1) (lit) person, chair nach vorne bringen
    2) (fig: present) witness vorführen; evidence, argument, proposal vorbringen, unterbreiten
    3) (= advance time of) meeting vorverlegen; clock vorstellen
    4) (COMM) figure, amount übertragen
    * * *
    1. Wissen etc voranbringen, fördern
    2. einen Antrag, eine Entschuldigung etc vorbringen
    3. WIRTSCH einen Betrag übertragen:
    amount ( oder balance) brought forward Übertrag m, (Saldo)Vortrag m
    4. a) eine Versammlung etc vorverlegen ( from von; to auf akk)
    b) die Uhr vorstellen ( one hour um eine Stunde)
    * * *
    transitive verb
    2) (draw attention to) vorlegen [Beweise]; vorbringen [Argument]; zur Sprache bringen [Fall, Angelegenheit, Frage]
    3) (move to earlier time) vorverlegen [Termin] (to auf + Akk.)
    4) (Bookk.) übertragen
    * * *
    expr.
    vorbringen v.
    vorverlegen v.

    English-german dictionary > bring forward

  • 17 advancing

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > advancing

  • 18 rise

    подниматься имя существительное:
    поднятие (raise, lift, rise, elevation, rising, hoist)
    вынос (rise, gab)
    глагол:
    подниматься (rise, lift, climb, raise, go up, get up)
    возрасти (increase, rise, grow)
    вставать (get up, stand up, rise, stand, arise, emerge)
    взойти (ascend, rise, mount)
    всходить (rise, ascend, mount, come up, braird, spring)

    Англо-русский синонимический словарь > rise

  • 19 lead

    1. n грузило, отвес
    2. n мор. лот

    to cast the lead — бросать лот, мерить глубину лотом

    3. n сл. пуля, пули
    4. n l
    5. n свинцовые полосы для покрытия крыши
    6. n покрытая свинцом крыша; плоская крыша

    under the leads — на чердаке, под крышей

    7. n графит; карандашный грифель

    pot lead — графит, чёрный свинец

    8. n полигр. свинец, гарт
    9. n полигр. шпоны
    10. n диал. котелок, котёл

    lead balloon — неудача; провал

    11. v тех. освинцовывать, покрывать свинцом
    12. v полигр. разделять шпонами, прокладывать шпоны; набирать на шпоны
    13. n руководство; инициатива

    to take the lead — брать на себя руководство, проявлять инициативу

    14. n пример

    lead the way — идти во главе; показывать пример

    15. n указание, директива
    16. n ключ; намёк
    17. n развёрнутый подзаголовок, аннотация
    18. n вводная часть
    19. n первое предложение или первый абзац информационной статьи
    20. n газетная информация, помещённая на видном месте
    21. n первенство, первое место
    22. n преим. спорт. преимущество, перевес
    23. n поводок; привязь
    24. n театр. кино
    25. n главная роль
    26. n исполнитель или исполнительница главной роли
    27. n карт. ход; первый ход
    28. n карт. карта, масть
    29. n карт. разг. дорожка, тропинка
    30. n карт. искусственное русло
    31. n карт. разводье; проход
    32. n карт. эл. подводящий провод

    ground lead — земляной провод; земляной вывод

    33. n карт. ошиновка, электропроводка
    34. n карт. трубопровод; канал
    35. n карт. тех. шаг или ход
    36. n карт. тех. отводной блок
    37. n карт. тех. центрирующая фаска
    38. n карт. тех. опережение, предварение
    39. n карт. воен. упреждение, приведение огня
    40. n карт. геол. жила, жильное месторождение
    41. n карт. геол. золотоносный песок
    42. n карт. тех. стрела; укосина
    43. v вести; показывать путь

    to lead a fast life — вести беспутную жизнь, прожигать жизнь

    44. v руководить, возглавлять; управлять

    take the lead — быть впереди; возглавлять

    45. v занимать первое место; быть впереди
    46. v спорт. идти первым; вести, лидировать
    47. v спорт. вести по очкам; иметь, набрать больше очков

    lead away — увести, увлечь

    48. v превосходить

    as an actor he certainly leads — как актёр он, несомненно, не имеет себе равных

    49. v вести, приводить
    50. v выходить, сообщаться
    51. v вести, служить проводом или каналом
    52. v приводить; вызвать; быть причиной, иметь результатом

    to lead nowhere — ни к чему не привести, оказаться безрезультатным

    to lead to crime — вести, приводить к совершению преступления

    53. v убедить, склонить; заставить, повлиять
    54. v вовлекать
    55. v юр. задавать наводящие вопросы
    56. v карт. ходить
    57. v воен. упреждать
    58. v шотл. юр. свидетельствовать; представлять
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. chief (adj.) chief; main; prime; principal; supreme
    2. first (adj.) first; front; head; primary
    3. advance (noun) advance; first place; foremost
    4. clue (noun) clue; evidence; hint; scent
    5. direction (noun) direction; leadership; management
    6. example (noun) example; guidance; model; pattern
    7. head (noun) boss; head; king; precedence; president; vanguard
    8. leader (noun) bellwether; dean; doyen; guide; leader; pilot
    9. leading lady (noun) leading lady; leading man; prima donna; principal; protagonist; star
    10. weight (noun) plumb; weight
    11. command (verb) captain; command; dominate; reign; rule
    12. convert (verb) bring; convert; move; persuade
    13. go (verb) carry; extend; go; reach; run; stretch
    14. guide (verb) conduct; convey; direct; escort; go before; guide; introduce; manage; moderate; pilot; precede; preface; route; see; shepherd; show; steer; usher
    15. influence (verb) allure; convince; entice; induce; influence; lure; seduce
    16. live (verb) live; pass; pursue
    17. surpass (verb) beat; excel; outstrip; overtake; surpass; transcend
    Антонимический ряд:
    accede; acquiesce; assent; assist; attend; comply; concede; concur; conform; consent; dissuade; follow; help; imitate; last; obey; secondary; trail

    English-Russian base dictionary > lead

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

См. также в других словарях:

  • The rise of Jat power — ’ (king) was conferred upon him in 1724. [Dr P.L. Vishwakarma, The Jats, I, Ed Dr Vir Singh, (Delhi:2004), 116] In past Jats always rose against tyranny, injustice, economic and social exploitations and were never overawed by claims of racial or… …   Wikipedia

  • advance — ad·vance 1 vt ad·vanced, ad·vanc·ing: to supply or provide ahead of time: as a: to give (a gift) by way of or as an advancement b: to supply (as money) beforehand in expectation of repayment or other future adjustment advance 2 n: a provision of… …   Law dictionary

  • The United States of America —     The United States of America     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The United States of America     BOUNDARIES AND AREA     On the east the boundary is formed by the St. Croix River and an arbitrary line to the St. John, and on the north by the… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Carry — Car ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Carried}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Carrying}.] [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See {Car}.] 1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; often with… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Carry arms — Carry Car ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Carried}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Carrying}.] [OF. carier, charier, F. carrier, to cart, from OF. car, char, F. car, car. See {Car}.] 1. To convey or transport in any manner from one place to another; to bear; often… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • The Amazing Race — sometimes referred to as TAR, is a reality television game show in which teams of two people (with one exception), who have some form of a preexisting personal relationship, race around the world in competition with other teams. Contestants stri …   Wikipedia

  • The Church —     The Church     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► The Church     The term church (Anglo Saxon, cirice, circe; Modern German, Kirche; Sw., Kyrka) is the name employed in the Teutonic languages to render the Greek ekklesia (ecclesia), the term by which… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada — Infobox Military Unit unit name= The Queen s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada caption=Cap badge of the Camerons of C dates= 1 February 1910 Present country= Canada allegiance= branch= Militia type= Line Infantry role= Light Role size= One… …   Wikipedia

  • Advance Wars: Days of Ruin — Developer(s) …   Wikipedia

  • carry — carriable, carryable, adj. /kar ee/, v., carried, carrying, n., pl. carries. v.t. 1. to take or support from one place to another; convey; transport: He carried her for a mile in his arms. This elevator cannot carry more than ten people. 2. to… …   Universalium

  • carry — v. & n. v. ( ies, ied) 1 tr. support or hold up, esp. while moving. 2 tr. convey with one from one place to another. 3 tr. have on one s person (carry a watch). 4 tr. conduct or transmit (pipe carries water; wire carries electric current). 5 tr.… …   Useful english dictionary

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»